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CEOS EO HANDBOOK –
EARTH OBSERVATION SATELLITE CAPABILITIES AND PLANS
Capabilities of Earth Observation Satellites
   
Atmospheric Chemistry Instruments
Atmospheric Temperature and Humidity Sounders
Cloud Profile and Rain Radars
Earth Radiation Budget Radiometers
High Resolution Optical Imagers
Imaging Multi-Spectral Radiometers (vis/IR)
Imaging Multi-Spectral Radiometers (Passive Microwave)
Imaging Microwave Radars
Lidars
Multiple Direction/ Polarisation Instruments
Ocean Colour Instruments
Radar Altimeters
Scatterometers
Gravity, Magnetic Field and Geodynamic instruments
  Earth Observation Plans by Measurement  
Catalogue of Satellite Missions
Catalogue of Satellite Instruments
 



GRAVITY MAGNETIC FIELD AND GEODYNAMIC INSTRUMENTS
Description
This category of instruments is used here to describe a variety of sensors and supporting systems used to derive information on the Earth’s gravity field, magnetic field or geodynamic activity.

Gravity field measurements from space rely on one of three techniques:

— use of single or multiple accelerometers on one or more satellites to derive gravity or gravity gradient information;

— precise satellite orbit determination (using satellite to ground navigation systems such as GPS and satellite laser ranging systems), and separation of satellite motion, induced by the Earth’s gravitational force alone, from other forces (such as solar radiation and aerodynamic drag);

— satellite to satellite tracking (e.g. by GPS or microwave link) to measure relative speed variations of two satellites induced by gravitational forces.

Satellite-borne magnetometers provide information on the strength and direction of the Earth’s internal and external magnetic field and its time variations.

LAGEOS, CHAMP, GRACE and GOCE all provide new insights into Earth’s gravity field.
Applications
Gravity field measurements from space provide the most promising advances for improved measurement of the ‘geoid’ and its time variations. The geoid (the surface of equal gravitational potential at mean sea level) reflects the irregularities in the Earth’s gravity field at the surface due to the inhomogeneous mass and density distribution in the planet’s interior.

More accurate models of the static mean geoid and its temporal variability are vital for:

— a precise marine geoid, needed for the quantitative determination, in combination with satellite altimetry, of absolute ocean currents, their transport of heat and other properties;

— a unified global height reference system for the study of topographic processes, including the evolution of ice sheets and land surface topography;

— new understanding of the physics of the Earth’s interior;

— estimates of the thickness of the polar ice sheets and their variations through a combination of bedrock topography derived from gravity measurements and ice sheet surface topography from altimetry;

— estimates of the mass/volume redistribution of fresh water in order to further understand the hydrological cycle;

— improved understanding of post-glacial rebound processes on a global scale.

Magnetic field measurements are also valuable in a range of applications, including navigation systems, resource exploration drilling, spacecraft attitude control systems, assessments of the impact of ‘space weather’ caused by cosmic particles and earthquake prediction studies (e.g. by the DEMETER mission).

The precision location capabilities of satellite laser ranging and other systems (such as DORIS and GPS), sometimes in combination with interferometric SAR (INSAR), are applied in support of studies of crustal deformation, tectonic movements and Earth’s spin rate.

Prior to GRACE, the long-wavelength part of the Earth’s gravity field from space was determined from various tracking measurements of Earth orbiting satellites.
Only the broad geophysical features of the Earth’s structure could be detected.
The lower image shows the final detail available after just 1 year of GRACE data.
Current and planned Instruments
Gravity
CHAMP Gravity Package (Accelerometer+GPS)
EFI
EGG
HAIRS (aka KBR)
Ranging System (GRACE II)
Magnetic field
ASM
CHAMP Magnetometry Package (1 Scalar + 2 Vector Magnetometer)
GGAK-E
GGAK-M
IMSC
Magnetometer (NOAA)
MMP
Overhauser Magnetometer
SSJ/4
SSJ/5
SSM
VFM
Precision orbit
ACC
BlackJack GPS (TRSR)
CHAMP GPS Sounder
DORIS (SPOT)
DORIS-NG
DORIS-NG (SPOT)
EGG
GOLPE
GPS (ESA)
GPS Receiver (Swarm)
GPS ROS
GPSP
GRAS
INES
IST
Laser Reflectors
Laser Reflectors (ESA)
LCCRA
LRA
LRA (LAGEOS)
LRR
ROSA
ROSA
RRA
SI
SSTI
STR
TDP
TRSR
Further Information
CHAMP: www.gfz-potsdam.de/pb1/op/champ/index_CHAMP.html
GRACE: www.csr.utexas.edu/grace
GOCE: www.esa.int/esaLP/LPgoce.html
 

 

 

 

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